Poles In Wisconsin

oes

Susan Gibson Mikos orev.rord

John Gurda

Poles IN WISCONSIN

Susan Gibson Mikos

\ l\TTSCONSIN HTSTORTC:AL SOCIETY PRESS

Published by the Wisconsin Historical Society Press Publishers since 1855 © 2012 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin

Publication of this book was made possible in part by a grant from the Amy Louise Hunter fellowship fund.

Photographs identified with WHi or WHS are from the Society's collections; address requests to reproduce these photos to the Visual Materials Archivist at the Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706. The excerpt of "Memoir of My Life" (Polish version) by Maciej Wajda is used by permission of the Polish Museum of America in Chicago, Illinois. Designed by Jane Tenenbaum 16 15 14 13 12

1234 5

The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Mikos, Susan Gibson. Poles in Wisconsin I Susan Gibson Mikos. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-87020-422-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Polish Americans - Wisconsin History. 2. Polish Americans - Wisconsin - Social life and customs. 3. Immigrants Wisconsin - History. I. Title. F590.P7M55 2012 977.5'0049185 dc23 2011044941

Acknowledgments This small book on a large subject could not have been written without the groundwork laid by others. Besides the authors listed in the "Selected Bibliography," there are a number of scholars whose research contributed substantially. They include Steven Avella, Dariusz Ciemniewski, Victor Greene, John Gurda, Martin C. Perkins, John Radzilowski, Thaddeus Radzilowski, Helen Stankiewicz, Edmund Zawacki, and many more. I am indebted to the Independence Public Library, the Milwaukee County Historical Society, the Milwaukee Public Library, the Polish Museum of America, the Polish National Catholic Church Commission on History and Archives, the Portage County Historical Society, the Pulaski Area Historical Society, the Archives Department of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries, the Nelis R. Kampenga Archives of the University of Wisconsin- Stevens Point, and the Wisconsin Historical Society for generously sharing their collections and expertise. Finally, I wish to thank the Wisconsin Historical Society Press, especially director Kathy Borkowski and editor Sara Phillips for skillfully shepherding this book through the development process.

Poles in Wisconsin

ca. 1920

liT. Cl!OCX

Number of Pollsh-bom:

D

D II II

0 - "9!1

l: z

!00- M

1000-2500

21.000

Pamenl ol Polsh to total lrmilgram populallon:

0

20 - 24

0

2$-50

FOREWORD The story of Wisconsin's Poles, like the story of virtually every Badger State ethnic group, is a chronicle of family. The immigrants dreamed and labored collectively in the Old World, and when they chose to leave, they made both the decision and the crossing together. First by the hundreds and then by the thousands, Poles traded the hardships they had known in the heartland of Europe for new lives in the heartland of North America. All too often, it was an even trade. Whether they were grubbing out stumps to clear fields in the Cutover of northern Wisconsin or keeping up with insatiable machines in industrial centers like Milwaukee, Polish immigrants worked brutally long hours at backbreaking tasks for meager financial rewards. But the newcomers also built communities - communities of remembrance and hope. They were determined to transplant the traditions they had received from long-forgotten ancestors, and they were just as determined to make the sacrifices they considered necessary for the next generation's success. As one of the half-million Wisconsinites who trace their roots to Poland, I am the grateful beneficiary of those sacrifices. The story of my own family could hardly be more typical. My great-grandparents, Franciszek and Apolonia Gurda, owned a small farm near Slawianowo, a minuscule village in what is now northwestern Poland. When their oldest son, another Franciszek, was threatened with conscription into the German army, they promptly sold their land, their livestock, and most of their possessions to finance the long journey to America. An older brother, Michal Gurda, had already settled in Milwaukee, and in 1889 the state's largest city made room for another branch of my family. With a handful of exceptions, the Poles came too late to be pioneers. Wisconsin's best agricultural lands were largely taken by the late 1800s, and earlier arrivals had long since determined the economic direction of the state's urban centers. Although farming was all he had ever known, Franciszek Gurda took a job in a blast foundry, and he never rose above the rank of laborer. The work was hard when there was work at all, but his foundry wages were sufficient to buy a tiny cottage on Milwaukee's South Side, within sight of the twin spires of St. Stanislaus Church. It was there that he and Apolonia raised five children to adulthood. The distance the immigrants traveled can be measured in more than miles. Three generations later, my brothers and I all have master's degrees, live in comfortable homes, and work in professions that our ancestors would consider, by any fair standard

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MILWAUKEE: THREE SETTLEMENTS Despite the large number of rural Polish settlements across Wisconsin, by far the greatest concentration of Poles was in Milwaukee County. Many Polish immigrants worked in Milwaukee before moving on to rural areas, and many more simply stayed. Even for tann ers who had little experience of city life, the attractions were many: highpaying jobs, the promise of home ownership, Polish churches, and the proximity of fellow Poles. According to some accounts, the first Pole in Milwaukee was a sixteen-year-old lad named Michael Skupniewicz, who arrived in 1846 and, after saving up five hundred dollars, moved to Dodge County, where he bought land near Beaver Dam. Historian Robert Camon notes, however, that another Pole, Anthony Stupinski, had settled in Milwaukee with his family as early as 1842 or 1843. In any case, by 1847 several Polish families called Milwaukee home, and three years later there were at least sixteen Polish families in Milwaukee County. Polish immigrants continued to trickle in during the 1850s, but their numbers did not become significant until after the Civil War. An 1874 article in the Milwaukee Sentinel estimated the city's Polish population at seven thousand. There was a rush of Polish immigration in the early 1880s, and by the end of the decade, Milwaukee's roughly thirty thousand Poles were second in number only to the fifty thousand Germans. The Polish population swelled to an estimated forty thousand in 1895 and reached seventy thousand in 1910. By this time, Poles had become a prominent and influential element of Milwaukee's citizenry. They dominated the southwestern section of the city and also occupied an East Side district between Brady Street and the Milwaukee River, as well as a fishing community on Jones Island. Seven of the city's twenty-nine Roman Catholic parishes were Polish. In addition, the Polish population boasted three free libraries, a hundred Polish societies and organizations, and five Polish newspapers. More than 80 percent of Wisconsin's Polish immigrants came from the Prussiangoverned areas of Poland, especially from East and West Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Poznan. According to the 1900 census, only 11 percent of Wisconsin's Poles were from the Russian partition and less than 9 percent from the Austrian partition. This set Wisconsin apart from other states with large Polish populations, where, on average, less than 40 percent of all Polish immigrants were from the German-speaking Prussian partition. In 1866 some thirty families established Milwaukee's first Polish parish, which they named St. Stanislaus, after Poland's patron saint. The immigrant parishioners raised four thousand dollars and purchased a small Lutheran church on the corner of Fifth and Mineral Streets. Dedicated in March of 1866, St. Stanislaus was the second Polish parish in Wisconsin (after Sacred Heart in Polonia) and the first urban Polish parish in the

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MY LIFE IN THE OLD COUNTRY AND HERE IN AMERICA And now comes the one whose crony and school friend, the late Mrs. Miss J6zefina Sikora, called "you hothead," that is I, Maciej Wojda.

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Here I will describe the history of my life as accurately as possible, but I beg of you, please do not laugh at my writing or criticize it, because I didn't attend any high school, only a village school, and that not even regularly, since when there was work in the fields, it was "March!" whether you were a whippersnapper, a laborer, or a craftsman. And there was always a lot of it, leading the horses for plowing potatoes or beets, or during the harvest, pulling the horses up when grain was loaded onto wagons. Not like it is now when seventeen-year-old beanpoles still go to school with books under their arms, and they don't apply themselves to learning, but just chase girls. For the most part they'll end up neither fish nor fowl - too dumb for a good position and too lazy for honest, hard work. [... ] So then, as has already been written in the first chapter, I was born in 1853 in Falmierowo, Wyrzysk district, Bydgoszcz area, in the Duchy of Poznan, so I am a Poznan man, body and soul, and I will remain so until my death, and above all a Pole. Nevertheless, I can speak, not badly, four languages, that is: Polish, English, German, and as they say, Low Dutch, and in Dutch I could get by (but about that later, because one shouldn't mix everything up like peas and cabbage). Thus, I am not so dumb as some think, but if I don't know where to put a period or a comma in writing, it isn't my fault, because I didn't study that. That is for those who attend high school, but not for those who go to a village school. Because there has to be time for everything, and most of all for good learning, and I didn't have that; and therefore, I ask whoever reads this to have mercy on me and think to himself, "This poor fellow wanted to [study] but couldn't, while there are so many who can, but don't feel like it!" My first school was in Glesno near Wyrzysk, I don't remember for how long, because we lived on the Bagdad manorial farm, which belonged to Glesno but was rented out. We lived there seven years, I know, and in 1864 we moved to Izabela. The closest town was Mrocza, in Zabartowo Parish. Count Kazimierz Kaczorowski was the squire and he was a very good master. He didn't mistreat anyone and did not permit his officials to do so, under severe penalty. His greatest [show of] anger, when someone was guilty, was to say: "You dumbbell!" - and sometimes he would repeat it. On the other hand he had a wife who was a hard woman, because she was, after all, the Right Honorable Lady, nee Princess Marinia Czartoryski. She was evil, and she swore until the palace was lit up with thunderbolts, which I heard with my own ears, because I was there almost every day after school, since my older brother Pawe} was a servant there. I had it good there, because the masters had only one son, Jozef, and he was almost the same age as I, so I

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