Idea Transcript
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
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BOSTON PUBLIC
UBRARY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION iVS.-.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
'
BULLETIN
40
—
HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES BY
FRANZ BOAS
PART
2
WITH ILLUSTRATIVE SKETCHES By
EDWARD SAPIE, LEO J. FRACHTENBERG, AND WALDEMAR BOGORAS
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19 2 2
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BOSTOH
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C, February 20, 1911. Sir: I have the honor to submit for pubUcation, subject to your
approval, as Bulletin 40, Part 2, of this Bureau, the manuscript of a portion of the Handbook of American Indian Languages, prepared under the editorial supervision of Dr. Franz Boas.
Yours, respectfully, F.
W. Hodge,
Ethnologist in Charge.
Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. in
CONTENTS Pago
The Takelma language of southwesteru Oregon, by Edward Sapir Coo8, by Leo J. Fracbtenberg Siualawaa (Lower Umpqua), by Leo J. Fracbtenberg Ohukcbee, by Waldemar Bogoras
1
297 431 631
THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTH WESTERN OREGON BY
EDWARD
3045°— Bull.
40,
pt
2—12
1
SAPIE
CONTENTS Page 1.
§
Introduction
2-24. § 2.
7
Phonology
8
Introductory
8
Vowels
10
General remarks System of vowels
10
§ 4. § 5.
Stress
§§ 3-11. § 3.
10
and pitch-accent
15
§§ 6-11. Vocalic processes
22
§ 6.
Vowel hiatus
22
§ 7.
Dissimilation oi u
24
§ 8.
/-umlaut K-sounds preceded by tf-vowels
27
§ 9.
24
§ 10.
Inorganic a
§ 11.
Simplification of double diphthongs
29
Consonants § 12. System of consonants § 13. Final consonants §§ 14-17. Consonant combinations § 14. General remarks § 15. Initial combinations § 16. Final combinations § 17. Medial combinations _ §§ 18-24. Consonant processes § 18. Dropping of final consonants § 19. Simplification of doubled consonants § 20. Consonants before x
31
28
§§ 12-24.
n
and
Dissimilation of
§ 22.
Catch dissimilation Influence of place and kind
§ 23.
/
35
36 36 36 38 39 41 41 42
44
m
§ 21.
to
31
of
45 47
accent on manner of articula-
48 51
tion § 24. ^
25-115. § 25.
Inorganic h
Morphology
52
Introductory
52
§ 26.
Grammatical processes General remarks
§ 27.
Prefixation
§ 28.
Suffixation
§ 29.
Infixation
§§ 26-32.
Reduplication Vowel-ablaut § 32. Consonant-ablaut §§33-83. I. Theverb § 33. Introductory §§ 34-38. 1. Verbal prefixes § 34. General remarks § 35. Incorporated nouns § 36. Body-part prefixes § 37. Local prefixes § 38. Instrumental wa-
55 55 55
56 56 57
§ 30.
59 62
§ 31.
63
_
63 64 64
66 72 86 91 3
4
CONTENTS
—Continued.
§§ 25-115. Morphology
The verb—Continued.
§§ 33-83. I.
Page
§ 39.
Formation of verb-stems General remarks
§ 40.
Types
§§ 39, 40. 2.
92 92
of stem-formation
95 117
§§ 41-58. 3. Verbal suffixes of derivation § 41.
General remarks
§ 42.
Petrified suffixes
117 118
Frequentatives and usitatives §§ 44-51. Transitive suffixes § 44. General remarks
127
§ 43.
135
135
Causative -(a) nComitative -(a) giv-
135
§ 46. § 47.
Indirective -d-
141
§ 48.
Indhective
{a') Id-
§ 49.
Indirective
-(a^)
§ 50.
Indirective -{a)n (an)- "for"
145
§ 51.
Indirect reflexive -giva-
148
§ 45.
137
(-S-)
143
md-
144
§§ 52-57. Intransitive suffixes
§ 54.
General remarks Active intransitive Reflexive -gwi-.
§ 55.
Reciprocal
§ 56.
Non-agentive
§ 57.
Positional
§ 52.
§ 53.
-i
149
149 150
-xa-
152
yan-
152
-x-
153
»'-
155
Impersonal -iau§§ 59-67. 4. Temporal-modal and pronominal elements § 58.
156
157
§ 59.
Introductory
157
§ 60.
Intransitives, class 1
160
§ 61.
Intransitives, class II
164
§§ 62-66. Transitives, class III
167
§ 62.
General remarks
167
§ 63.
Transitive subject pronouns
170
§ 64.
172
§ 65.
Connecting -x- and -iForms without connecting vowel
§ 66.
Passives
180
mixed class, class IV Auxiliary and subordinating forms
Verbs
§ 67.
§§ 68-72. 5.
of
177 181
184
§ 68.
Periphrastic futm'es
§ 69.
Periphrastic phrases in na{g)- "do, act "
186
§ 70.
Subordinating forms
189
Conditionals
§ 71. §
Uses
72.
§§ 73-83. 6. §
73.
§ 74.
184
196
of potential
and
inferential
199
Nominal and adjectival derivatives
201
Introductory
201
Infinitives
201
§§ 75-78. Participles
204
§ 76.
General remarks Active particij^le in
§ 77.
Passive participle in -(a)^"^,
§ 78.
Passive participle in -zap' {-sap')
207
Nouns
208
§ 75.
§§ 79-82.
of
agency
§ 79.
Introductory
§ 80.
Nouns
of
204
204
-t'
agency in -(ays
-i'i'"'
205
208 208
.
CONTENTS §§ 25-115.
Morphology
—Continued.
The verb—Continued
§§ 33-83. I.
Page
§§ 73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives §§ 79-82. Nouns of agency Continued.
—
Nouns of agency in § 82. Nouns of agency in 83. Forms in -Vya II. The noun § 81.
§
§§ 84-102.
5
-sii,
— Continued.
-sda
209
210 210
-xi
210
Introductory
§ 84.
210
Nominal stems General remarks Types of stem formation
§§ 85, 86.
214
1.
§ 85.
§ 86.
Noun
214 215
derivation
221
§87. Derivative suffixes
221
§§ 87, 88. 2.
Compounds
§ 88. § 89.
225
Noun-characteristics and pre-pronominal
3.
§§90-93.
-x-
Possessive suffixes
4.
General remarks
231
§ 91.
232
§ 92.
Terms of Schemes
§ 93.
Possessives with pre-positives
relationship II
and III
235
237
§§ 94-96. 5. Local phrases
241
§ 94.
General remarks
241
§ 95.
Pre-positives
242
§ 96.
Postpositions
243
Post-nominal elements § 97. General remarks § 98. Exclusive -t'a § 99. Plural -/an (-han, -L'cm) §100. Dual-diZ § 101. -m'^£ every §
6.
102. Deictic -=a^
§§ 103-105. III. §
103.
§
104.
§ 105.
The
246
246 246
247 249 249
250
The pronoun
251
Independent personal pronouns Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs Interrogative and indefinite pronouns
§§ 106-109. IV.
adjective
251.
252 254
255
General remarks
255
§ 107.
Adjectival prefixes
256
§ 108.
Adjectival derivative sufiixes
§
§
106.
109. Plural formations
§§ 110, 111. V. § 110.
258
262
Numerals
264
Cardinals
Numeral adverbs 112-114. VI. Adverbs and §
264 266
111.
particles
267
§112. Adverbial suffixes § 113. Simple adverbs
267
§ 114.
272
Particles
§115. VII. Interjections §
231
§ 90.
§§ 97-102.
§§
227
116. Conclusion
Appendix A:
1. 2.
Comparative table of pronominal forms Scheme of seven voices in six tense-modes
Forms of na(!7)-"say, do" Appendix B Specimen texts with analysis 3.
:
270 278 281
284 285 286 291
;
THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTHWESTERN OREGON By Edward
§ 1.
Sapir
INTRODUCTION
The language treated in the following pages was spoken in the southwestern part of what is now the state of Oregon, along the middle portion of Rogue river and certam of its tributaries. It, together with an upland dialect of which but a few words were
The form "Takelma"
obtained, forms the Takilman stock of Powell. of the
word
DaP'gelma'^n
is
practically identical with the native
those dwelling along the river
there seems to be no good
reason for departing
name
of the tribe,
(see below, § 87, 4)
from
it
in favor of
Powell's variant form.
The
linguistic material
language
Ushed by
is
on which
this
based consists of a series of
the University of
account of the Takelma
myth and
other texts, pub-
Pennsylvania (Sapir, Takelma Texts,
Anthropological Publications of the University
Museum,
vol.
ii,
no.
1,
Philadelphia, 1909), together with a mass of grammatical material
(forms
and sentences) obtained
in connection
with the texts.
A
series of eleven short medicine formulas or charms have been pub-
lished with interlinear
and
can Folk-Lore (xx, 35-40)
free translation in the .
A
Journal of Ameri-
vocabulary of Takelma verb, noun,
and adjective stems, together with a certain number of derivatives, will
be found at the end of the "Takelma Texts."
script notes
H. H.
on Takelma, collected in the summer of 1904 by Mr.
St. Clair, 2d, for the
my
been kindly put at mainly
two
Bureau
disposal
of lexical material, they
points.
Some manu-
of
American Ethnology, have
by the Bureau though ;
these consist
have been found useful on one or
References like 125.3 refer to page and line of
Takelma Texts.
my
Those in parentheses refer to forms analogous to
the ones discussed.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
8
The author's material was gathered of a month and a
Oregon during a stay also
My
at the Siletz reservation of
half in the
Bureau
summer
of 1906,
of
American Ethnology.
informant was Mrs. Frances Johnson,
an elderly full-blood
under the direction
Daldani^Jc',
Rogue
course of
of
the
Her native place was the
Takelma woman. of
[bdll. 40
village of
DakHslasin or
on Jump-off-Joe creek (DlpIoltsH'lda), a northern affluent her mother having come from a village on the upper
river,
Cow
creek (Hagwal).
Despite her imperfect
command
of
the English language, she w^as found an exceptionally intelligent
and good-humored informant, without which
qualities the following
study would have been far more imperfect than
it
necessarily
must
be under even the very best of circumstances.
In conclusion I must thank Prof. Franz Boas for his valuable advice in regard to several points of interest in the progress of the work.
It
method and is
for his active
due largely to him that I
was encouraged to depart from the ordinary rut of grammatical description and to arrange and interpret the facts in a manner that seemed most in accordance with the
spirit of the
Takelma language
itself.^
PHONOLOGY §
In
its
(§§2-24)
Introductory
2.
general phonetic character, at least as regards relative harsh-
ness or smoothness of acoustic effect,
Takelma
will
probably be found
to occup}^ a position about midwa}^ between the characteristically
rough languages of the Columbia valley and the North Californian
and Oregon coast (Chinookan,
Salish, Alsea, Coos,
Athapascan, Yurok)
on the one hand, and the relatively euphonious languages of the
Sacramento valley (Maidu, Yana, Wintun) on the other, inclining rather to the latter than to the former.
From
the former group
less Z-sounds (i,
l,^
l!)
and
it
differs chiefly in
of velar stops
the absence of voice-
(g, g,
q!);
from the
latter,
has been learned of the ethnology of the Takelma Indians will be found incorporated in by the author and entitled Notes on the Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, in A7nerican Anthropologist, n. s., ix, 251-275; and Religious Ideas of the Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, in Journal of American Folk-Lore, xx, 33-49. 2 In the myths, I is freely prefixed to any word spoken by the bear. Its uneuphonious character is evidently intended to match the coarseness of the bear, and for this quasi-rhetorical purpose it was doubtless derisively borrowed from tlie neighboring Athapascan languages, in which it occurs with great frequency. The prefixed sibilant s- serves in a similar way as a sort of sneezing adjunct to indicate the speech of the coyote. Gwi'di where? says the ordinary mortal; Igwi'di, the bear; s-gwi'di, the coyote. 1
two
What
little
articles
§
2
written
TAKELMA
HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES
BOAS]
9
more complex consonantic clusters, limited possibilities, and hardly to be
in the occurrence of relatively
though these are
of strictly
considered as difficult in themselves.
Like the languages of the latter group, Takelma possesses clearcut vowels, and abounds, besides, in long vowels and diphthongs; these, together
ma
with a system of syllabic pitch-accent, give the Takel-
language a decidedly musical character, marred only to some
The
extent by the profusion of disturbing catches.
line of cleavage
between Takelma and the neighboring dialects of the Athapascan stock (Upper Umpqua, Applegate Creek, Galice Creek, Chasta Costa)
is
thus
not only morphologically but also phonetically distinct, despite re-
semblances in the manner of articulation of some of the vowels and consonants.
Rogue
Chasta Costa, formerly spoken on the lower course of the voiceless Z-sounds above referred to
river, possesses all
peculiar illusive
c[!,
the f ortis character of which
as in Chinook; a voiced guttural spirant
the sonants or
weak surds
and
curring
vowel, as in English hut.
its
as in
dj and z (rarely)
spirant p il
7-,
corresponding fortis
^p.';
is
Takelma, which, lq turn, has a complete
North German Tage;
a voiceless interdental
;
and a very frequently labial series
(h,
p\
The
fortis
Takelma vowel is
u,
p!, m),
Ic!,
Takelma, seems in the Chasta Costa to be replaced by
Costa; r
oc-
m Gabial stops occur appar-
ently only in borrowed words, hofi' cat