Computer Fundamentals

C o m p u te r F u n d a m e n ta ls

Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form o f binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher o f this book. ISBN 978-81-317-3309-7 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8 (A), Sector 62, NOIDA, 201 309, UP, India. Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110017, India Typeset by AcePro India Pvt. Ltd Printed in India at Saurabh Printers Pvt. Ltd. Copyrighted material

B r ie f C o n t e n t s Preface

xxi

Acknowledgem ents

XXV

UNIT 1 BASiCS_OF_COMPUIER 1. Introduction to Computer 2. The Computer System Hardware 3. Computer Memory 4. Input and Output Devices 5. Data Representation

1 19 39 61 87

UNIT II USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE 6. Interaction of User and Computer 7. Operating System 8. Computer Programming Fundamentals 9. Data Communication and Computer Network 10. The Internet and Internet Services

115 131 150 163 196

UNIT 111 APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY 11. Information Systems 12. Fundamentals of Database 13. Multimedia 14. Computer Security

219 236 256 284

UNIT IV COMPUTER PRACTICALS 15. Windows XP 16. MS-Word 2007 17. MS-Excel 2007 18. MS-PowerPoint 2007 19. MS-Access 2007 20. Network and Internet Connections 21. Using LaTeX

307 342 379 422 458 486 503

•

Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Index

515 517 519 523 541

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Contents rretace Acknowledgements 1JN 1 T 1

XXI XXV

R A S IC S O F T O M P I J T F R

1

1. Introduction to Computer

1

1.1 Introduction

1

1.2 Digital and Analog Computers

2

1.3 Characteristics of Computer

2

1.4 History of Computer

3

1.5 Generations of Computer

4

1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5

First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits Fourth Generation (1971 to present): Using Microprocessors Fifth Generation (Present and Next): Using Artificial Intelligence

1.6 Classification of Computer 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4

Microcomputers Minicomputers Mainframe Computers Supercomputers

1.7 The Computer System 1.7.1 The Input-Process-Output Concept 1.7.2 Components of Computer Hardware

1.8 Application of Computers

4 5 5 6

6 7 7 9 9 9 10 11 12

13

Summary

15

Keywords

16

Questions

17

2, The Computer System Hardware

19

2.1 Introduction

19

2.2 Central Processing Unit

20

2.2.1 Arithm etic Logic Unit 2.2.2 Registers 2.2.3 Control Unit

20 21 22

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1 Contents

2.3 Memory Unit 2.3.1 Cache Memory 2.3.2 Primary Memory 2.3.3 Secondary Memory

22 22 n 24

2.4 Instruction Format

24

2.5 Instruction Set

25

2.6 Instruction Cycle

25

12. Microprocessor

22

13. Interconnecting the Units of a Computer

21 28 29 29

2.8.1 System Bus 2.8.2 Expansion Bus 2.8.3 External Ports

2.9 Performance of a Computer 2.10 Inside a Computer Cabinet 2.10.1 2.10.2 2.10.3 2.10.4 2.10.5 2.10.6 2.10.7

Motherboard Ports ancf Interfaces Expansion Slots Ribbon Cables Memory Chips Storage Devices Processor

29

31 31 32 12

31 34 34 34

Summary

35

Keywords

36

Questions

36

Computer Memory

39

3.1 Introduction

39

3.2 Memory Representation

40

3.3 Memory Hierarchy

40

3.4 CPU Registers

42

3.5 Cache Memory

42

3.6 Primary Memory

43

3.6.1 Random Access Memory 3.6.2 Read O nly Memory

43 44

3.7 Secondary Memory

46

3.8 Access Types of Storage Devices

46

3.8.1 Sequential Access Devices 3.8.2 Direct Access Devices

3.9 Magnetic Tape

46 47

47 Copyrighted material

Contents

j

3.10 Magnetic Disk

IX

48

3.10.1 Floppy Dink_________________________________________________________ 50 lJQ.2-Bnr.cLDi±k____________________________________________________ i I 3.10.3 Zip Disk______________________________________ .______________________ 52

3.11 Optical Disk__________________________________________________ 52 3.11.1 CD-R O M ________________________________________________ 51 ±J±2-DYDzRQM __________________________________________________________ 51 3.11.3 Recordable O ptical Disk 55

3.12 Magneto-Optical Disk

55

3.13 Using the Computer Memory___________________________________ 56 Summary_____________________________________________________ 56 Keywords_____________________________________________________ 57 Questions_____________________________________________________ 58

}

4. Input and Output Devices__________________________________________ 6

4J._lntiQ .duc.ti.Q n________________________________________________________________ 6 J

Input-Output Unit

62

4.2.1 Input Unit 4.2.2 Output Unit

62 62

4.3

Input Devices

63

4.4

Human Data Entry Devices

64

4.2

4.4.1 Keyboard 64 4.4.2 Pointing Devices______________________________________________________ 65 4.4 J L l_MQii.se__________________________________________________________(15 4.4.2.2 TrackBali 66 4.4.2.3 joystick 66 4.4.2.4 Digitizing Tablet 67

4.4.3 Pick Devices

68

4.4.3.1 Light Pen 4.4.3.2 Touch Screen 4.5

68 68

Source Data Entry Devices_____________________________________

69

4 .5 .1 A u d io In p u t D e v ic e _________________________________________________________ 6 9

4.5.2 Video Input Device___________________________________________________ 69 4.5.3 O ptical Input Devices 70 4.5.3.1 4.5.3.2 4.5.3.3 4.5.3.4 4.5.3.5 4 .6

Scanner Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) Barcode Reader

Output Devices 4.6.1 Hard Copy Devices 4.6.1.1 Printer 4.6.1.2 Plotter 4.6.1.3 Computer Output on Microfilm

70 71 72 72 72 74

74 74 76 77 Copyrighted material

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4.6.2 Soft Copy Devices 4.6.2.1 4.6.2.2 4.6.2.3 4.6.2.4

77

Monitor Visual Display Terminal Video Output Audio Response

77 77 78 78

4.7 I/O Port

80

4.8 Working of I/O System Summary Keywords Questions

81 82 83 84

5. Data Representation

87

5.1 Introduction

87

5.2 Number System

88

5.2 .1 Decim al Number System 88 5.2.2 Binary Number System _______________________________________________ 89 5.2.3 O ctal Number System________________________________________________ 89 5.2.4 Hexadecimal Number System________________________________________ 89

5.3 Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 5.3. / Converting Decim al Integer to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 5.3.2 Converting Decim al Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 5 .3 .3 C o n ve rtin g D e c im a l Integer. Fraction to B inary, O c ta l,

90

90 92

Hexadecimal

94

5.4 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal

95

5.5 Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal

97

5.6 Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary

97

5.7 Binary Arithmetic

98

5.7.1 Binary Addition 5.7.2 Binary Subtraction

98 100

5.8 Signed and Unsigned Numbers

102

5.8.1 Complement of Binary Numbers

102

5.9 Binary Data Representation

103

5.9 .1 Fixed Point Number Representation

103 105

5.9.2 Floating Point Number Representation

5.10 Binary Coding Schemes

106

5.10.1 EBCDIC 106 5.10.2 A SC II_________________________________________________________ 106 5^1D,3.JJniL0ik ____________________________________________________________ W Z

5.11 Logic Gates__________________________________________________ Summary Keywords Questions Answers

108 110 110 111 113

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Contents

UNIT II

USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE

6. Interaction of User and Computer

I Ix i 115 115

6.1 Introduction

115

6.2 Types of Software

116

6.3 System Software

116

6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4

Operating System Device Driver System Utilities Programming Languages

117 117 118 120

6.3.4.1 Machine Language 6.3.4.2 Assembly Language 6.3.4.3 High-level Language 6.3.4.4 Different Generations of Programming Languages

121 121 122 122

6.3.5 Translator Software 6.3.5.1 Assembler 6.3.5.2 Compiler 6.3.5.3 Interpreter

6.3.6 Linker 6.3.7 Loader

122 124 124 125

125 125

6.4 Application Software

126

6.5 Software Acquisition Summary Keywords Questions

127 128 129 129

7. Operating System

131

7.1 Introduction

131

7.2 Objectives of Operating System

132

7.3 Types of OS

132

7.4 Functions of OS

134

7.5 Process Management

135

7.5.1 CPU Scheduling 7.5.2 Process Synchronization 7.5.3 Deadlock

7.6 Memory Management 7.6.1 Memory Allocation 7.6.2 Virtual Memory

136 136 137

138 138 139

7.7 File Management

140

7.8 Device Management

141

7.9 Protection and Security

142 Copyrighted material

Contents

7.10 User Interface

143

7.11 Examples of Operating Systems

144

7.11.1 MS-DOS 7.11.2 Windows Family of OS 7.11.2.1 Brief History of Windows OS

144 145 146

7.11.3 Linux OS

146

Summary

147

Keywords

147

Questions

148

Computer Programming Fundamentals

150

8.1 Introduction

150

8.2 Program Development Life Cycle

151

8.3 Algorithm

152

8.4 Control Structures

153

8.5 Flowchart

153

8.5.1 Flowchart Symbols

8 .5 .2 P re p a rin g a F lo w c h a rt 8.6 Pseudo Code 8.6.1 Preparing a Pseudo Code

8.7 Programming Paradigms

153

153

156 156

158

8.7.1 Structured Programming 8.7.2 Object-Oriented Programming (O O P) 8.7.3 Aspect-Oriented Programming

158 159 160

Summary

161

Keywords

161

Questions

162

Data Communication and Computer Network

163

9.1 Introduction

163

9.2 Importance of Networking

164

9.3 Data Transmission Media

165

9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6

Twistedpair Coaxial Cable O ptical Fiber Radio Transmission Microwave Transmission Satellite Transmission

765 766 766 767

168 168 Copyrighted material

Contents

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9.4 Data Transmission Across Media

168

9.4.1 Transmission Modes 9.4.2 Transmission Speed 9.4.3 Fundamentals o f Transmission

168 170 170

9.4.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals 9.4.3.2 Modulation and Demodulation 9.4.3.3 Multiplexing 9.4.3.4 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission

9.5 Data Transmission and Data Networking 9.5.1 Switching 9.5.1.1 Circuit Switching 9.5.1.2 Message Switching 9.5.1.3 Packet Switching

171 172 174 174

175 176 177 177 177

9.6 Computer Network

178

9.6.1 Network Types

178

9.6.1.1 Local Area Network 9.6.1.2 Metropolitan Area Network 9.6.1.3 W ide Area Network 9.6.2 LAN Topologies 9.6.2.1 Bus Topology 9.6.2.2 Ring Topology 9.6.2.3 Star Topology 9.6.3 Communication Protocol

9.6.4 Network Devices 9.6.4.1 9.6.4.2 9.6.4.3 9.6.4.4 9.6.4.5 9.6.4.6 9.6.4.7

Network Interface Card Repeater Bridge Hub Switch Router Gateway

9.7 Wireless Networking

179 179 180

180 180 181 181

181 184 184 185 186 186 187 188 188

189

9.7.1 Bluetooth Technology 9.7.2 Wireless LAN 9.7.3 Wireless W AN

189 190 191

Summary

192

Keywords

193

Questions

193

10. The Internet and Internet Services

196

10.1 Introduction

196

10.2 History of Internet

197

10.3 Internetworking Protocol

198

10.4 The Internet Architecture

198

■ B x iv H il

Contents

10.5 Managing the Internet

199

10.6 Connecting to Internet

199

10.7 Internet Connections

200

10.7.1 10.7.2 10.7.3 10.7.4 10.7.5

Dial-up Access Leased Line Integrated Services Digital Network (ISD N ) Digital Subscriber Line (D SL) Cable Modem

201 201 202 202 203

10.8 Internet Address

203

10.9 Internet Services

204

10.9.1 World W ide Web (W W W ) 10.9.1.1 W ebBrowser 10.9.1.2 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 10.9.1.3 Internet Search Engines 10.9.1.4 W W W Development Languages

204 206 207 207 209

10.9.2 Electronic M ail

210

10.9.2.1 10.9.2.2 10.9.2.3 10.9.2.4

210 210 211 211

E-mail Address E-mail Message Format E-mail Services How E-mail Works

10.9.3 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 10.9.3.1 How FTP Works

10.9.4 Terminal Network (Telnet) 10.9.5 News 10.9.6 Internet Relay Chat (IR C )

212 213

213 214 214

10.10 Uses of Internet

214

Summary

215

Keywords

216

Questions

216

UNIT III

APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY

11.

219 Information Systems219

11.1 Introduction

219

11.2 Data, Information and Knowledge

220

11.3 Characteristics of Information

221

11.4 Information System (IS)

221

11.5 Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)

223

11.6 Need for Efficient Information System

224

11.7 Categories of Information System

225 Copyrighted material

Contents

11.8 Operations Support System 11.8.1 Transaction Processing System (TPS) 11.8.2 Office Automation System (O A S)

11.9 Management Support System 11.9.1 Management Information System (M IS) 11.9.2 Decision Support System (D SS) 11.9.3 Executive Information System (EIS)

11.10 Specialized Information System 11.10.1 Expert Systems 11.10.2 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 11.10.3 Electronic-Commerce (E-Commerce)

11.11 Careers in Information Systems

i 1 -'IBfeSSlliS

226 226 227

228 228 229 230

230 230 231 231

232

Summary

233

Keywords

234

Questions

234

Fundamentals of Database

236

12.1 Introduction

236

12.2 Database

237

72.2.1 File-Oriented Approach and Database Approach

12.2.2 Characteristics of Database Approach 12.2.3 Data Models, Schema and Instances 12.2.4 High-Level or Conceptual Data M odel 12.2.4.1 12.2.4.2 12.2.4.3 12.2.4.4

Entity Attribute Relationship Entity-Reiationship (E-R) Model

12.2.5 Representation or Implementation Data M odel 12.2.5.1 Relational Database Model 12.2.5.2 Hierarchical Database Model 12.2.5.3 Network Database Model

12.2.6 Low-Level or Physical Data M odel

12.3 Database System 12.3.1 Components of Database System 12.3.2 Architecture o f Database System

237 239 240 240 240 240 241 241

242 242 244 244

245

245 245 246

12.4 Database Management System________________________________ 247 12.4.1 12.4.2 12.4.3 12.4.4

Data Independence________________________________________________ 248 Data Dictionary____________________________________________________ 248 Database Administrator (D BA )____________________________________ 249 Database Languages_______________________________________________ 249 12.4.4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)_____________________________ 249 12.4.4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)__________________________ 249

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1 Contents

12.5 Database System Architectures 12.5.1 Centralized D BM S Architecture 12.5.2 Client-Server Architecture 12.5.3 Distributed Databases

12.6 Database Applications

250 250 250 251

251

Summary

252

Keywords

253

Questions

253

13. Multimedia

256

13.1 Introduction

256

13.2 Multimedia: Definition

257

13.3 Characteristics of Multimedia System

257

13.4 Elements of Multimedia

259

13.4.1 Text 13.4.2 Graphics

*

13.4.2.1 Bitmap Graphics 13.4.2.2 Vector Graphics

13.4.3 Audio 13.4.3.1 Audio from a CD to W eb

13.4.4 Video 13.4.4.1 Video on Internet

13.4.5 Animation

13.5 Multimedia System 13.5.1 Desirable Features of Multimedia System

13.6 Multimedia Applications 13.6.1 13.6.2 13.6.3 13.6.4 13.6.5

In Education In Entertainment In Training In Business Virtual Reality

259 260 262 264

265 266

268 269

271

272 272

273 273 276 277 277 278

Summary

280

Keywords

280

Questions

281

14. Computer Security

284

14.1 Introduction

284

14.2 Security Threat and Security Attack

285

14.3 Malicious Software

286

14.3.1 Virus 14.3.2 Worms

287 287 Copyrighted material

Contents

14.3.3 Trojan Horses 14.3.4 Javascripts, Java Applets and ActiveX Controls

14.4 Hacking 14.4.1 Packet Sniffing 14.4.2 Password Cracking 14.4.3 E-mail Hacking

X V Ii

287 288

288 289 289 289

14.5 Security Services

289

14.6 Security Mechanisms

290

14.7 Cryptography

290

14.7.1 Secret Key Cryptography 14.7.2 Public-Key Cryptography 14.7.3 Hash Functions

291 291 292

14.8 Digital Signature

292

14.9 Firewall

294

14.9.1 Types of Firewall 14.9.1.1 Packet Filter Firewall 14.9.1.2 Circuit Filter Firewall 14.9.1.3 Application-Level Gateway

14.10 Users Identification and Authentication 14.10.1 User Name and Password 14.10.2 Smart Card 14.10.3 Biom etric Techniques

UNIT IV

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2 96 296 296 297

297 298 299 299

14.11 Other Security Measures

300

14.12 Security Awareness

301

14.13 Security Policy

302

14.13.1 Formulating a Security Policy

302

Summary

303

Keywords

304

Questions

304

COMPUTER PRACTICALS

15.

307 Windows XP

15.1 Introduction

307

15.2 Features of Windows XP

308

15.3 The Desktop

308

307

L5 A J.-Ih eJzsk.Bar.________________________________________________________ m IJAJJ^.kilcQiis.d.Dd.Sh.QrLcu.ts____________________________________________111

15.4 Structure of Windows

313 Copyrighted material

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15.5 Windows XP Explorer 15.5.1 15.5.2 15.5.3 15.5.4 15.5.5 15.5.6

The Start The Window The View Selecting Files Working with Folders Files and Folders Properties

314 314 315 316 317 317 318

15.6 The Search

323

15.7 The Recycle Bin

323

15.8 Configuring the Screen

324

15.9 Configuring the Mouse

326

15.10 Adding or Removing Programs

328

15.11 Adding New Hardware

328

15.12 System Tools

330

15.13 The Scandisk

332

15.14 Windows XP Media Player

334

15.15 Windows XP Help

334

15.16

334

W in d o w s V ista

15.17 Windows 7 Questions

Word 2007

337 340

342

16.1 Introduction

342

16.2 Starting MS-Word

343

16.3 MS-Word Screen and Its Components

344

16.4 The Office Button

347

16.5 The Ribbon

350

16.5.1 16.5.2 16.5.3 16.5.4 16.5.5 16.5.6 16.5.7 16.5.8

353 355 358 360 360 363 365 3 66

The Home Tab The Insert Tab The Page Layout Tab The References Tab The Mailings Tab The Review Tab The View Tab The Help

16.6 Solved Examples Exercises

366 375 Copyrighted material

Contents

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379

MS-Excel 2007 17.1 Introduction

379

17.2 Start MS-Excel

380

17.3 Basics of Spreadsheet

381

17.4

MS-Excel Screen and Its Components

382

17.5 The Office Button

386

17.6 The Ribbon

390

77.6.7 The Home Tab

392

17.6.2 17.6.3 17.6.4 17.6.5 17.6.6 17.6.7 17.6.8

394 399 400 403 405 406 408

The The The The The The The

Insert Tab Page Layout Tab Formulas Tab Data Tab Review Tab View Tab Help

17.7 Solved Examples Exercises

409 417

MS-PowerPoint 2007

422

18.1 Introduction

422

18.2 Basics of PowerPoint

424

18.3 Start MS-PowerPoint

425

18.4 MS-PowerPoint Screen and Its Components

426

18.5 The Office Button 18.6 The Ribbon

429 434

18.6.1 18.6.2 18.6.3 18.6.4 18.6.5

The Home Tab The Insert Tab The Design Tab The Animations Tab The Slide Show Tab

18.6 .6 T he R e v ie w Tab

18.6.7 The View Tab 18.6.8 The Help

18.7 An Example Exercises

MS-Access 2007

435 438 440 442 443 446 447 452

453 456

458

19.1 Introduction

458

19.2 Database Terminology

459

19.3 Start MS-Access

460 py righted

H

B

H

1

Contents

19.4 MS-Access Screen and Its Components

461

19.5 The Office Button

463

19.6 The Ribbon

467

19.6.1 19.6.2 19.6.3 19.6.4 19.6.5

The Home Tab The Create Tab The External Data Tab The Database Tools Tab The Help

468 472 475 476 477

19.7 Solved Example

478

Exercises

483

20. Network and Internet Connections

486

20.1 Introduction

486

20.2 Start Network Connections

487

20.3 Create a New Connection

488

20.4 Manage a Network Connection

491

20.5 Network Setup

493

20.6 Windows Firewall

493

2 0 .7

495

S h a rin g o f File s

20.8 Wireless Network Setup

496

20.9 Connect using Virtual Private Network (VPN)

497

20.10 Set Up a Wired Network

498

20.11 Automatic Wireless Network Connections

498

20.12 Set up Internet Properties— Internet Options

501

20.13 Choose an Internet Connection

502

21. Using LaTeX

503

21.1 Introduction

503

21.2 Create LaTeX Document

504

21.3 Components of a LaTeX Document

504

21.4 LaTeX Commands

504

21.5 Solved Examples

508

Exercises Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

514 A B C D

515 517 519 523

Index________________________________________________________ 5A1 Copyrighted mate

P

r e f a c e

C om puters play a key role in o u r everyday lives. In addirion co com m unication m edia like television, radio and newspaper, we now have another com m unication m edium , i.e. com puters. We use com puters to e-m ail, to chat, for the Internet browsing, for teleconferencing, for video conferencing, etc. W e also use them for e-learning, e-com merce, e-banking, e-governance, e-ticketing and for m any m ore things. And the interesting part is, while we interact w ith the other m edia like television, radio, newspaper, etc. to merely get inform ation, the interaction in com puters is tw o ways— we can be a creator as well as a user. We m ay use a com puter as a m edium to get m ore inform ation, as a tool to perform certain activities, o r as an integral part o f another com ponent. T h e fundam entals o f com puters arc the stepping stones to com puter science. Nowadays, all courses, related and unrelated to com puter science, require using a com puter. Knowledge o f the basics o f co m p u t­ ers has becom e a fundam ental requirem ent, in whatever area we choose to study o r follow professionally. C o m p u ter fundam entals are also an introductory course to a m ore advanced study o f com puter science.

ABOUT THE BOOK T his book is w ritten w ith the aim o f introducing the fundam entals o f com puters to the reader. A ttention has been paid to include chapters that are required by the students studying different courses. T h e book deals w ith b o th the theoretical concepts and the p rac tic a l. T h e unique features o f this book are as follows:

0

Style o f W riting • T h e language used in the book is lucid, is easy to understand, and facilitates easy grasping o f • • •

• • •

concepts. T h e chapters have been logically arranged in sequence. T h e book is w ritten in a reader-friendly m anner both for the students and the teachers. M ost o f the content presented in the book is in the form o f bullets, organized sequentially. This form o f presentation, rather than in a paragraph form , facilitates the reader to view, understand and rem em ber the points better. T h e explanation is supported by diagrams, pictures and images wherever required. Sufficient exercises have been included for practice in addition to the solved examples. T h e questions at the end o f the chapter are given section-wise. It is easier for the reader to find answers for the section-wise questions in a particular section rather than the whole book.

(♦) Content o f Book — Theory (Chapters 1 -1 4 ) • Several latest topics have been included in the book. Some o f these topics are ■ USB, Z ip disk, Flash m em ory

■ Wireless networking ■ N otebook, N etbook, PDA, sm artphones ■ Aspect O riented Program m ing (AOP) ■ Im parting education via m ultim edia ■ Cryptography, Digital signature, Firewall, Biometrics ■ System clock, BIO S, C M O S , SIM M & D IM M m em ory m odule • In the theory chapters (Chapters 1-14), the theory is supported with the practical information like, the nam e o f supercom puter o f India, how to create m p3 file from C D , w hat is a stream ing video and understanding m achine configuration.

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XXli

1 Preface • T his book does not discuss in detail the old technologies that have becom e too com m on o r are no longer used, like, about keys in a keyboard, m agnetic tape, using mouse, drum printers and message switching. • Several colored inserts in the book provide a colored view o f the photographs.

0

Content o f Book—Practical (Chapters 15-21) a n d Appendix • T his book describes MS-Office with the latest com m ercially available version, version 2007. • T his book includes description o f Windows Vista and Windows 7 in addition to the detailed description o f W indow s XP. • T h e solved examples in the M S-O ffice chapters arc described step-wise. • A long list o f practical exercises is provided at the end o f each chapter. • Some chapters contain topics that are new to a book on com puters. These chapters are ■ C hapter 11— Inform ation Systems ■ C hapter 12— Fundam entals o f Database ■ C hapter 14— C om puter Security ■ C hapter 19— MS-Access ■ C hapter 20— N etw ork and Internet C onnections ■ C hapter 21— Using LaTeX ■ Appendix D — Assembling a PC.

TARGET AUDIENCE This book has been w ritten keeping in m ind the readers familiar and not-so familiar w ith com puters. Several chapters have been included that cover the syllabi of different universities in India. T h e book is well suited for the following target audience: 0

Computer science students undergoing a course in com puter science— D C A , M CA, BSc(Gcn), BSc(Hons), M Sc(IT), BSc(IT), BCA, D O E A C C level courses.

0

Engineering students of first year— BTech, BE.

0

Science students pursuing BSc in physics, chemistry, botany, zoology and mathematics.

0

Non-science students pursuing B C om (P), B C om (H ons), BA(P), BDP, BBA, MBA, BBE

0

Students enrolled in short-term courses on I T in polytechnics, training institutes, Technical Institutes.

0

Any learner interested in com puter science.

STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT T h e book follows a structured and m odular design, to facilitate the instructor in the teaching o f the course and the students in the reading o f rhe book. Figure 1 shows the design o f the book. T h e following para­ graphs present a brief review o f the four units o f the book. U nit I comprises five chapters. T his unit introduces the reader to the computer as a machine. C hapter 1 provides a b rief introduction to com puters— their evolution, types and applications. C hapter 2 discusses organization o f the com puter, different parts inside a com puter case and their interaction. C hapter 3 provides an overview o f the m em ory hierarchy, different kinds o f m em ory o f the com puter and storage devices that are required for storing large quantities o f data. T he different devices that are used for providing input to the computer, and the presentation o f o u tp u t from the com puter are discussed in C hapter 4. T he com puter uses the binary num ber system; C hapter 5 discusses binary coding schemes, logic gates, and the representation and conversion o f num bers in the binary, octal and hexadecimal num ber system. Copyrighted mati

Preface

Figure 1

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Modular structure of text

U nit II comprises five chapters. T his unit focusses on the interaction o f user and computer, and the Internet. C hapter 6 provides a description o f the system software and the application software. C h ap ter 7 describes the operating system in detail. T he writing o f the program m ing logic and the different program m ing para­ digms are discussed in C hapter 8. Chapters 9 and 10 relate to networking and the Internet. C hapter 9 discusses com puter networks and the com m unication o f data across the network. T h e Internet and its services are detailed in C hapter 10. U nit III contains four chapters. This unit is about applications and security. C hapter 11 describes the inform ation systems. This chapter is included bearing in m ind the non-science courses. For teaching this paper in a science course, you may skip this chapter. T he fundam entals o f databases are discussed in C hapter 12. C hapter 13 describes the different elements o f the m ultim edia system— text, audio, graphics, video and anim ation. C hapter 14 on com puter security discusses the security attacks, and the way to handle them. Unit IV consists o f seven chapters. This unit is designedfor the computer practicals. A detailed discussion on W indow s XP is provided in C hapter 15, including a brief description about W indow s Vista and W indow s 7. C hapters 16 through 19 are about the four m ain com ponents o f M S-Office 2007, i.e. M S-W ord, M S-Excel, M S-Pow erpoint and MS-Access. C hapter 20 is about N etw ork and the Internet connections. T h is chapter facilitates the reader in the creation and m anaging o f com puter netw ork and the Internet connection. C hapter 21 is about using LaTeX which is used for the production o f publication-quality typeset docum ents.

PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES Pedagogy is the art and science o f how som ething is taught and how students learn it. H ow the teaching occurs, the approach to teaching and learning, the way the co n ten t is delivered and w hat the students learn as a result o f the process are all included in pedagogy. T he following are the pedagogical features in this book: ® S ta rt-o f Chapter Aids • C ontents— An overall view o f the topics discussed in the chapter is provided, at the beginning o f each chapter. • W hy this chapter— It describes the need o f including this chapter in com puter fundam entals and w hy one should read it. ® In-Between Chapter A ids • Visualization— “A picture is w orth a thousand words” is a famous quote. T his book supports the concepts w ith figures, diagrams and images to facilitate visualization. • Bulleted text— T he book follows a bulleted approach o f w riting the text in contrast to the long paragraphs. T h e bulleted text approach is easier to read, understand and grasp. Copyright

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® End-of-Chapter Aids • Sum m ary— Ir reviews the m ajor concepts discussed in the chapter. • Keywords— A list o f keywords at the end o f each chapter facilitates in locating a topic in the chapter. • Q uestions— T h e questions at the end o f each chapter are given section-wise. T h e reader has to search for the answers in this section, rather than the com plete chapter. • Extra questions— A t the end o f each chapter, the extra questions from the com plete chapter are given in th e form o f short notes, abbreviations and differences. • Colored inserts— A first initiative in a book on this topic, the colored inserts provide the reader w ith actual images in colour.

FEEDBACK For interacting with the author, or for suggestions and com m ents on this book, please send your e-mails at goel.anita.book^gm ail.com .

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c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

It took me alm ost 2 years to write this book. D uring m y journey o f book w riting, I have been helped and supported by m y family, friends and collegues. 1 express my gratitude to one and all for their extensive support in this endeavour. I am grateful to Dr. S. C . G upta, Prof. S. K. Wasan and Dr. M ukul Sinha for encouraging me to write a book. I thank them for their valuable advice and for their encouragem ent to dissem inate inform ation. I also th an k them for continually inspiring m e to w rite a good book. I th an k M r Neeraj Saxena, Ms Renu Saxena and M r Rajendra for their extensive help in clicking the photographs in this book. M y special thanks go to all my students, A m it Jain in particular, who have always been eager to inform m e the the expectations o f the students o f a book. T h eir suggestions and feedback have helped m e write the book in a student-friendly manner. T hanks to M r Sachin Saxena and the team o f Pearson Education for their extensive support. T h e book in its present form is a result o f the long discussions and the brainstorm ing sessions w ith Sachin. I am grateful to Sachin for his ideas, suggestions and excellent support provided to m e during the w riting o f this book. I express m y regards and love to m y m other Urm ila, and m y father Am ar C hand. Being their child makes me feel special, and I thank them both for guiding m e through life. T h ro u g h this book. I carry forward the legacy o f book w riting from m y m aternal grandfather late M r C . S. Jain. I express m y respect and thanks to m y father-in-law Gopal Krishan for his m otivation and cooperation, and for taking care o f m atters while I was busy w riting the book. M y thanks are due, in m em ory of m y m other-in-law Pushpa w ho has always loved and supported me. T hanks to m y loving husband, Ajay, for standing by m e in the difficult times d u rin g the course o f w rit­ ing this book. H e is a bagful o f innovative ideas and has contributed creatively to the w riting o f this book. M y special thanks to my lovely and beautiul children, A nirudh and Ashima, who brilliantly contributed towards the creation and editing o f this book. T hey are m y greatest source o f inspiration and m otivation. Since this is n o t the first book on this topic, I thank the authors o f other books on sim ilar topic, whose books have been a source o f ideas for me. I th an k the A lm ighty w ithout whose grace it w ould have been impossible for m e to accomplish this task.

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Unit I

BASICS OF COMPUTER

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ® ® ®

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Digital and analog computers Characteristics of computer— Speed, accu­ racy, diligence, storage capability, versatility History of computer— Calculating machines, Napier's bones, slide rule, Rascal's adding and subtraction machine, Leibniz's multiplication and dividing machine, punch card system, Babbage's analytical engine, Hollerith's punched card tabulating machine Generations of computer • First generation (1940 to 1956): Using vacuum tubes • Second generation (1956 to 1963): Using transistors • Third generation (1964 to 1971): Using integrated circuits • Fourth generation (1971 to present): Using microprocessors • Fifth generation (present and next): Using artificial intelligence

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Classification of computer— Micro­ computers (desktop computer or Personal Computer (PC), notebook computers or laptop, netbook, tablet computer, handheld computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), smart phones), minicomputers, mainframe computers, supercomputers The computer system— Hardware, software, data, users The Input-process-output concept Components of computer hardware— Input/output unit, central processing unit, storage unit Application of computers— Education, en­ tertainment, sports, advertising, medicine, science and engineering, government, home

W h y this chapter

Com puters are an integral part of our lives. W h e re ve r w e are— sitting in our homes, w ork­ ing in the office, driving on roads, sitting in a m ovie hall, staying in a hotel, etc.— our lives are directly or indirectly affected by the com puters. In this era of inform ation, w e are dependent on the storage, flow and processing of data and inform ation, w hich can o n ly be possible w ith the help of com puters. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to the "com puter".

1.1 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, com puters are an integral part o f our lives. T hey are used for the reservation o f tickets for airplanes and railways, paym ent o f telephone and electricity bills, deposit and w ithdraw al o f m oney from banks, processing o f business data, forecasting o f weather conditions, diagnosis o f diseases, searching

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Basics of Computer

for inform ation on the Internet, etc. C om puters are also used extensively in schools, universities, organiza­ tions, m usic industry, movie industry, scientific research, law firms, fashion industry, etc. T h e term com puter is derived from the w ord compute. T h e w ord compute means to calculate. A com­ puter is an electronic m achine that accepts data from the user, processes the data by perform ing calcula­ tions and operations on it, and generates the desired o u tp u t results. C o m p u ter perform s both simple and complex operations, with speed and accuracy. This chapter discusses the history and evolution o f com puter, the concept o f input-process-output and the characteristics o f com puter. T his chapter also discusses the classification of digital com puters based on their size and type, and the application o f com puter in different dom ain areas.

1.2 DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMPUTERS A digital computer uses distinct values to represent the data internally. All inform ation are represented using the digits Os and Is. T he com puters that we use at our hom es and offices are digital com puters. Analog computer is another kind o f a com puter that represents data as variable across a continuous range o f values. T h e earliest com puters were analog com puters. Analog com puters are used for m easur­ ing o f param eters that vary continuously in real tim e, such as tem perature, pressure and voltage. Analog com puters m ay be m ore flexible bur generally less precise than digital com puters. Slide rule is an example o f an analog com puter. T h is book deals only w ith the digital computer and uses the term computer for them .

1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and versatility are some o f the key characteristics o f a com ­ puter. A brief overview o f these characteristics are— •

Speed T h e com puter can process data very fast, at the rate o f m illions o f instructions per second. Some calculations that w ould have taken hours and days to com plete otherwise, can be com pleted in a few seconds using the com puter. For example, calculation and generation o f salary slips o f thousands o f employees o f an organization, weather forecasting th at requires analysis o f a large am o u n t o f data related to tem perature, pressure and hum idity o f various places, etc.

® Accuracy C o m p u ter provides a high degree o f accuracy. For example, the com puter can accu­ rately give the result o f division o f any two num bers u p to 10 decimal places. •

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W hen used for a longer period o f tim e, the com puter does n o t get tired o r fatigued. It can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy from the start till the end.

Large volum es o f data and inform ation can be stored in the com puter and also retrieved whenever required. A lim ited am ount o f data can be stored, temporarily, in the prim ary memory. Secondary' storage devices like floppy disk and com pact disk can store a large am ount of data permanently. C o m p u ter is versatile in nature. It can perform different types o f tasks w ith the same ease. At one m om ent you can use the com puter to prepare a letter d o cu m en t and in the next m om ent you may play m usic or print a docum ent.

C om puters have several lim itations too. C o m p u ter can only perform tasks that it has been program m ed to do. C o m p u ter cannot do any work w ithout instructions from the user. It execures instructions as speci­ fied by the user and does noi take its own decisions. Copyrighted material

Introduction to Computer

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1.4 HISTORY OF COMPUTER U ntil the developm ent o f the first generation com puters based on vacuum tubes, there had been several developm ents in the com puting technology related to the mechanical com puting devices. T h e key devel­ opm ents that took place till the first com puter was developed are as follows— ®

Calculating M achines ABACUS was the first mechanical calculating device for counting o f large num bers. T he word ABACUS m eans calculating board. It consists o f bars in horizontal positions on which sets o f beads are inserted. T he horizontal bars have 10 beads each, representing units, tens, hundreds, etc. An abacus is shown in Figure 1.1

® N apiers Bones was a mechanical device built for the purpose o f m ultiplication in 1617 a d . by an English m athem atician John Napier. ®

Slide Rule was developed by an English m athem atician E dm und G u n ter in the 16th century. Using the slide rule, one could perform operations like addition, subtraction, m ultiplication and division. It was used extensively till late 1970s. Figure 1.2 shows a slide rule.

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.1

Abacus

Slide rule

® Pascal's A dding a n d Subtraction M achine was developed by Blaise Pascal. It could add and sub­ tract. T he m achine consisted o f wheels, gears and cylinders. ® Leibniz's M ultiplication and D ividing M achine was a mechanical device that could both m ul­ tiply and divide. T he G erm an philosopher and m athem atician G ottfried Leibniz built it around 1673. © Punch Card System was developed by Jac­ quard to control the power loom in 1801. He invented the punched card reader that could recognize the presence o f hole in the punched card as binary one and the absence o f the hole as binary zero. T he Os and Is are the basis of the m odem digital computer. A punched card is shown in Figure 1.3.

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Introduction to Computer

7

are able to store m illions o f c o m p o n e n ts on a single chip. T hese co m p u ters have large m em ory req u irem en ts. T his generation o f com puters uses parallel processing that allows several instructions to be executed in parallel, instead o f serial execution. Parallel processing results in faster processing speed. T h e Intel dualcore microprocessor uses parallel processing. T h e fifth generation com puters are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). T hey try to sim ulate the hum an way o f thinking and reasoning. Artificial Intelligence includes areas like Expert System (ES), N atural Lan­ guage Processing (N LP), speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, etc.

1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER T h e digital com puters that are available nowadays vary in their sizes and types. T h e com puters are broadly classified into four categories (Figure 1.8) based on their size and type— (1) M icrocom puters, (2) M ini­ com puters, (3) M ainfram e com puters, and (4) Supercom puter.

Fast Expensive Complex Large

Slow Cheap Simple Small Figure 1.8

Classification of computers based on size and type

1.6.1 Microcomputers M icrocom puters are small, low-cost and single-user digital com puter. T hey consist o f C P U , in p u t unit, o u tp u t unit, storage unit and the software. A lthough m icrocom puters are stand-alone machines, they can be connected together to create a netw ork o f com puters that can serve m ore than one user. IBM P C based on Pentium microprocessor and Apple M acintosh are some examples o f m icrocom puters. M icrocom put­ ers include desktop com puters, notebook com puters or laptop, tablet com puter, handheld com puter, sm art phones and netbook, as shown in Figure 1.9.

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8____ I Basics of Computer

Tablet Figure 1.9

Laptop

Netbook

PD A

Sm art Phone

Microcomputers

® Desktop Computer or Personal Computer (PC) is the m ost com m on type o f m icrocom puter. It is a stand-alone m achine that can be placed o n the desk. Externally, it consists o f three units— key­ board, m onitor, and a system unit containing the C P U , memory, hard disk drive, etc. It is not very expensive and is suited to the needs o f a single user at hom e, small business units, and organizations. Apple, M icrosoft, HP, Dell and Lenovo are some o f the P C m anufacturers. ® Notebook Computers or Laptop resemble a notebook. T hey are portable and have all the features o f a desktop com puter. T he advantage o f the laptop is that it is small in size (can be p u t inside a briefcase), can be carried anywhere, has a battery backup and has all the functionality o f the desk­ top. Laptops can be placed on the lap while w orking (hence the name). Laptops are costlier than the desktop machines. ® Netbook These are smaller notebooks optim ized for low weight and low cost, and are designed for accessing web-based applications. Starting w ith the earliest netbook in late 2007, they have gained significant popularity now. N etbooks deliver the perform ance needed to enjoy popular activities like stream ing videos or music, emailing, Web surfing or instant messaging. T h e w ord netbook was created as a blend of Inter«'?!

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